To replace a view, you must have all of the privileges required to drop and create a view. If the definition of a view must change, the view must be replaced; you cannot use an ALTER VIEW statement to change the definition of a view. You can replace views in the following ways:

• You can drop and re-create the view.

  Note:

  When a view is dropped, all grants of corresponding object privileges are revoked from roles and users. After the view is re-created, privileges must be regranted.

• You can redefine the view with a CREATE VIEW statement that contains the OR REPLACE clause. The OR REPLACE clause replaces the current definition of a view and preserves the current security authorizations. For example, assume that you created the sales_staff view as shown earlier, and, in addition, you granted several object privileges to roles and other users. However, now you must redefine the sales_staff view to change the department number specified in the WHERE clause. You can replace the current version of the sales_staff view with the following statement:

  CREATE OR REPLACE VIEW sales_staff AS
       SELECT empno, ename, deptno
       FROM emp
       WHERE deptno = 30
       WITH CHECK OPTION CONSTRAINT sales_staff_cnst;
  

Before replacing a view, consider the following effects:

• Replacing a view replaces the view definition in the data dictionary. All underlying objects referenced by the view are not affected.

• If a constraint in the CHECK OPTION was previously defined but not included in the new view definition, the constraint is dropped.

• All views dependent on a replaced view become invalid (not usable). In addition, dependent PL/SQL program units may become invalid, depending on what was changed in the new version of the view. For example, if only the WHERE clause of the view changes, dependent PL/SQL program units remain valid. However, if any changes are made to the number of view columns or to the view column names or data types, dependent PL/SQL program units are invalidated. See "Managing Object Dependencies" for more information on how the database manages such dependencies.

To issue a query or an INSERT, UPDATE, or DELETE statement against a view, you must have the SELECT, READ, INSERT, UPDATE, or DELETE object privilege for the view, respectively, either explicitly or through a role.

Views can be queried in the same manner as tables. For example, to query the Division1_staff view, enter a valid SELECT statement that references the view:

SELECT * FROM Division1_staff;

ENAME        EMPNO       JOB             DNAME
------------------------------------------------------
CLARK         7782       MANAGER         ACCOUNTING
KING          7839       PRESIDENT       ACCOUNTING
MILLER        7934       CLERK           ACCOUNTING
ALLEN         7499       SALESMAN        SALES
WARD          7521       SALESMAN        SALES
JAMES         7900       CLERK           SALES
TURNER        7844       SALESMAN        SALES
MARTIN        7654       SALESMAN        SALES
BLAKE         7698       MANAGER         SALES

With some restrictions, rows can be inserted into, updated in, or deleted from a base table using a view. The following statement inserts a new row into the emp table using the sales_staff view:

INSERT INTO sales_staff
    VALUES (7954, 'OSTER', 30);

Restrictions on DML operations for views use the following criteria in the order listed:

The constraint created by WITH CHECK OPTION of the sales_staff view only allows rows that have a department number of 30 to be inserted into, or updated in, the emp table. Alternatively, assume that the sales_staff view is defined by the following statement (that is, excluding the deptno column):

CREATE VIEW sales_staff AS
    SELECT empno, ename
    FROM emp
    WHERE deptno = 10
    WITH CHECK OPTION CONSTRAINT sales_staff_cnst;

Considering this view definition, you can update the empno or ename fields of existing records, but you cannot insert rows into the emp table through the sales_staff view because the view does not let you alter the deptno field. If you had defined a DEFAULT value of 10 on the deptno field, then you could perform inserts.

When a user attempts to reference an invalid view, the database returns an error message to the user:

ORA-04063: view 'view_name' has errors

This error message is returned when a view exists but is unusable due to errors in its query (whether it had errors when originally created or it was created successfully but became unusable later because underlying objects were altered or dropped).

To change the definition of a view, see "Replacing Views".

The ALTER VIEW statement lets you locate recompilation errors before run time. To ensure that the alteration does not affect the view or other objects that depend on it, you can explicitly recompile a view after altering one of its base tables.

To use the ALTER VIEW statement, the view must be in your schema, or you must have the ALTER ANY TABLE system privilege.

You can drop any view contained in your schema. To drop a view in another user's schema, you must have the DROP ANY VIEW system privilege. Drop a view using the DROP VIEW statement. For example, the following statement drops the emp_dept view:

DROP VIEW emp_dept;

To create a sequence in your schema, you must have the CREATE SEQUENCE system privilege. To create a sequence in another user's schema, you must have the CREATE ANY SEQUENCE privilege.

For example, the following statement creates a sequence used to generate employee numbers for the empno column of the emp table:

CREATE SEQUENCE emp_sequence
      INCREMENT BY 1
      START WITH 1
      NOMAXVALUE
      NOCYCLE
      CACHE 10;

Notice that several parameters can be specified to control the function of sequences. You can use these parameters to indicate whether the sequence is ascending or descending, the starting point of the sequence, the minimum and maximum values, and the interval between sequence values. The NOCYCLE option indicates that the sequence cannot generate more values after reaching its maximum or minimum value.

The CACHE clause preallocates a set of sequence numbers and keeps them in memory so that sequence numbers can be accessed faster. When the last of the sequence numbers in the cache has been used, the database reads another set of numbers into the cache.

The database might skip sequence numbers if you choose to cache a set of sequence numbers. For example, when an instance abnormally shuts down (for example, when an instance failure occurs or a SHUTDOWN ABORT statement is issued), sequence numbers that have been cached but not used are lost. Also, sequence numbers that have been used but not saved are lost as well. The database might also skip cached sequence numbers after an export and import. See Oracle Database Utilities for details.

To alter a sequence, your schema must contain the sequence, you must have the ALTER object privilege on the sequence, or you must have the ALTER ANY SEQUENCE system privilege. You can alter a sequence to change any of the parameters that define how it generates sequence numbers. To change the starting point of a sequence, you can either drop the sequence and then re-create it, or use the RESTART clause to restart the sequence. For an ascending sequence, the RESTART clause resets NEXTVAL to MINVALUE. For a descending sequence, NEXTVAL is reset to MAXVALUE.

The following example alters the emp_sequence sequence:

ALTER SEQUENCE emp_sequence
    INCREMENT BY 10
    MAXVALUE 10000
    CYCLE
    CACHE 20;

To use a sequence, your schema must contain the sequence or you must have been granted the SELECT object privilege for another user's sequence. Once a sequence is defined, it can be accessed and incremented by multiple users (who have SELECT object privilege for the sequence containing the sequence) with no waiting. The database does not wait for a transaction that has incremented a sequence to complete before that sequence can be incremented again.

The examples outlined in the following sections show how sequences can be used in master/detail table relationships. Assume an order entry system is partially comprised of two tables, orders_tab (master table) and line_items_tab (detail table), that hold information about customer orders. A sequence named order_seq is defined by the following statement:

CREATE SEQUENCE Order_seq
    START WITH 1
    INCREMENT BY 1
    NOMAXVALUE
    NOCYCLE
    CACHE 20;

You can drop any sequence in your schema. To drop a sequence in another schema, you must have the DROP ANY SEQUENCE system privilege. For example, the following statement drops the order_seq sequence:

DROP SEQUENCE order_seq;

When a sequence is dropped, its definition is removed from the data dictionary. Any synonyms for the sequence remain, but return an error when referenced.

To create a private synonym in your own schema, you must have the CREATE SYNONYM privilege. To create a private synonym in another user's schema, you must have the CREATE ANY SYNONYM privilege. To create a public synonym, you must have the CREATE PUBLIC SYNONYM system privilege.

When you create a synonym, the underlying schema object need not exist, nor do you need privileges to access the object for the CREATE SYNONYM statement to succeed. The following statement creates a public synonym named public_emp on the emp table contained in the schema of jward:

CREATE PUBLIC SYNONYM public_emp FOR jward.emp

When you create a synonym for a remote procedure or function, you must qualify the remote object with its schema name. Alternatively, you can create a local public synonym on the database where the remote object resides, in which case the database link must be included in all subsequent calls to the procedure or function.

You can successfully use any private synonym contained in your schema or any public synonym, assuming that you have the necessary privileges to access the underlying object, either explicitly, from an enabled role, or from PUBLIC. You can also reference any private synonym contained in another schema if you have been granted the necessary object privileges for the underlying object.

You can reference another user's synonym using only the object privileges that you have been granted. For example, if you have only the SELECT privilege on the jward.emp table, and the synonym jward.employee is created for jward.emp, you can query the jward.employee synonym, but you cannot insert rows using the jward.employee synonym.

For example, if a synonym named employee refers to a table or view, then the following statement is valid:

INSERT INTO employee (empno, ename, job)
    VALUES (emp_sequence.NEXTVAL, 'SMITH', 'CLERK');

If the synonym named fire_emp refers to a standalone procedure or package procedure, then you could execute it with the command

EXECUTE Fire_emp(7344);

You can drop any private synonym in your own schema. To drop a private synonym in another user's schema, you must have the DROP ANY SYNONYM system privilege. To drop a public synonym, you must have the DROP PUBLIC SYNONYM system privilege.

For example, the following statement drops the private synonym named emp:

DROP SYNONYM emp;

The following statement drops the public synonym named public_emp:

DROP PUBLIC SYNONYM public_emp;

When you drop a synonym, its definition is removed from the data dictionary. All objects that reference a dropped synonym remain. However, they become invalid (not usable). For more information about how dropping synonyms can affect other schema objects, see "Managing Object Dependencies".