JSON data always uses the Unicode character set. In this respect, JSON data is simpler to use than XML data. This is an important part of the JSON Data Interchange Format (RFC 8259). For JSON data processed by Oracle Database, any needed character-set conversions are performed automatically.

Oracle Database uses UTF-8 internally when it processes JSON data (parsing, querying). If the data that is input to such processing, or the data that is output from it, must be in a different character set from UTF-8, then character-set conversion is carried out accordingly.

Character-set conversion can affect performance. And in some cases it can be lossy. Conversion of input data to UTF-8 is a lossless operation, but conversion to output can result in information loss in the case of characters that cannot be represented in the output character set.

If your JSON data is stored in the database as Unicode then no character-set conversion is needed for storage or retrieval. This is the case if any of these conditions apply:

• Your JSON data is stored as JSON type or BLOB instances.

• The database character set is AL32UTF8 (Unicode UTF-8).

• Your JSON data is stored as CLOB instances that have character set AL16UTF16.

Oracle recommends that you store JSON data using JSON type and that you use AL32UTF8 as the database character set if at all possible.

Regardless of the database character set, JSON data that is stored using data type JSON or BLOB never undergoes character-set conversion for storage or retrieval. JSON data can be stored using data type BLOB as AL32UTF8, AL16UTF16, or AL16UTF16LE.

If you transform JSON data using SQL/JSON functions or PL/SQL methods and you return the result of the transformation using data type BLOB then the result is encoded as AL32UTF8. This is true even if the input BLOB data uses another Unicode encoding.

For example, if you use function json_query to extract some JSON data from BLOB input and return the result as BLOB, it is returned using AL32UTF8.

Lossy character-set conversion can occur if application of a SQL/JSON function or a PL/SQL method specifies a return data type of VARCHAR2 or CLOB and the database character set is not AL32UTF8. If input JSON data was stored in a BLOB or JSON type instance then, even if it is ultimately written again as BLOB or JSON type, if some of it was temporarily changed to VARCHAR2 or CLOB then the resulting BLOB data can suffer from lossy conversion. This can happen, for example, if you use json_serialize.