Syntax

SET APPI[NFO] {ON | OFF | text}

Sets automatic registering of scripts through the DBMS_APPLICATION_INFO package.

This enables the performance and resource usage of each script to be monitored by your DBA. The registered name appears in the MODULE column of the V$SESSION and V$SQLAREA virtual tables. You can also read the registered name using the DBMS_APPLICATION_INFO.READ_MODULE procedure.

ON registers scripts invoked by the @, @@ or START commands. OFF disables registering of scripts. Instead, the current value of text is registered. text specifies the text to register when no script is being run or when APPINFO is OFF, which is the default. The default for text is "SQL*Plus". If you enter multiple words for text, you must enclose them in quotes. The maximum length for text is limited by the DBMS_APPLICATION_INFO package.

The registered name has the format nn@xfilename where: nn is the depth level of script; x is '<' when the script name is truncated, otherwise, it is blank; and filename is the script name, possibly truncated to the length allowed by the DBMS_APPLICATION_INFO package interface.

Example

To display the value of APPINFO, as it is SET OFF by default, enter

SET APPINFO ON
SHOW APPINFO

APPINFO is ON and set to "SQL*Plus"

To change the default text, enter

SET APPINFO 'This is SQL*Plus'

To make sure that registration has taken place, enter

VARIABLE MOD VARCHAR2(50)
VARIABLE ACT VARCHAR2(40)
EXECUTE DBMS_APPLICATION_INFO.READ_MODULE(:MOD, :ACT);

PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.

PRINT MOD

MOD
---------------------------------------------------
This is SQL*Plus

To change APPINFO back to its default setting, enter

SET APPINFO OFF

Syntax

SET ARRAY[SIZE] {15 | n}

Sets the number of rows that SQL*Plus will fetch from the database at one time.

Valid values are 1 to 5000. A large value increases the efficiency of queries and subqueries that fetch many rows, but requires more memory. Values over approximately 100 provide little added performance. ARRAYSIZE has no effect on the results of SQL*Plus operations other than increasing efficiency.

Syntax

SET AUTO[COMMIT] {ON | OFF | IMM[EDIATE] | n}

Controls when Oracle Database commits pending changes to the database after SQL or PL/SQL commands.

ON commits pending changes to the database after Oracle Database executes each successful INSERT, UPDATE, or DELETE, or PL/SQL block. OFF suppresses automatic committing so that you must commit changes manually (for example, with the SQL command COMMIT). IMMEDIATE functions in the same manner as ON. n commits pending changes to the database after Oracle Database executes n successful SQL INSERT, UPDATE, or DELETE commands, or PL/SQL blocks. n cannot be less than zero or greater than 2,000,000,000. The statement counter is reset to zero after successful completion of n INSERT, UPDATE or DELETE commands or PL/SQL blocks, a commit, a rollback, or a SET AUTOCOMMIT command.

SET AUTOCOMMIT does not alter the commit behavior when SQL*Plus exits. Any uncommitted data is committed by default.

Syntax

SET AUTOP[RINT] {ON | OFF}

Sets the automatic printing of bind variables.

ON or OFF controls whether SQL*Plus automatically displays bind variables (referenced in a successful PL/SQL block or used in an EXECUTE command).

See PRINT for more information about displaying bind variables.

Syntax

SET AUTORECOVERY [ON | OFF]

ON sets the RECOVER command to automatically apply the default filenames of archived redo log files needed during recovery.

No interaction is needed, provided the necessary files are in the expected locations with the expected names. The filenames used are derived from the values of the initialization parameters LOG_ARCHIVE_DEST and LOG_ARCHIVE_FORMAT.

OFF, the default option, requires that you enter the filenames manually or accept the suggested default filename given. See RECOVER for more information about database recovery.

Example

To set the recovery mode to AUTOMATIC, enter

SET AUTORECOVERY ON
RECOVER DATABASE

Syntax

SET AUTOT[RACE] {ON | OFF | TRACE[ONLY]} [EXP[LAIN]] [STAT[ISTICS]]

Displays a report on the execution of successful SQL DML statements (such as SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE or MERGE).

The report can include execution statistics and the query execution path.

SQL*Plus report output may differ for DML if dynamic sampling is in effect.

OFF does not display a trace report. ON displays a trace report. TRACEONLY displays a trace report, but does not print query data, if any. EXPLAIN shows the query execution path by performing an EXPLAIN PLAN. STATISTICS displays SQL statement statistics. See EXPLAIN PLAN for more information about EXPLAIN PLAN.

Using ON or TRACEONLY with no explicit options defaults to EXPLAIN STATISTICS.

The TRACEONLY option may be useful to suppress the query data of large queries. If STATISTICS is specified, SQL*Plus still fetches the query data from the server, however, the data is not displayed.

The AUTOTRACE report is printed after the statement has successfully completed.

When SQL*Plus produces a STATISTICS report, a second connection to the database is automatically created. This connection is closed when the STATISTICS option is set to OFF, or you log out of SQL*Plus.

The formatting of your AUTOTRACE report may vary depending on the version of the server to which you are connected and the configuration of the server. The additional information and tabular output of AUTOTRACE PLAN is supported when connecting to Oracle Database 10g (Release 10.1) or later. When you connect to an earlier database, the older form or AUTOTRACE reporting is used.

AUTOTRACE is not available when FIPS flagging is enabled.

See About Tracing Statements for more information on AUTOTRACE.

Syntax

SET BLO[CKTERMINATOR] {. | c | ON | OFF}

Sets the character used to end PL/SQL blocks to c.

It cannot be an alphanumeric character or a whitespace. To execute the block, you must issue a RUN or / (slash) command.

OFF means that SQL*Plus recognizes no PL/SQL block terminator. ON changes the value of c back to the default period (.), not the most recently used character.

Syntax

SET CMDS[EP] {; | c | ON | OFF}

Sets the non-alphanumeric character used to separate multiple SQL*Plus commands entered on one line to c.

ON or OFF controls whether you can enter multiple commands on a line. ON automatically sets the command separator character to a semicolon (;).

Example

To specify a title with TTITLE and format a column with COLUMN, both on the same line, enter

SET CMDSEP +
TTITLE LEFT 'SALARIES' + COLUMN SALARY FORMAT $99,999
SELECT LAST_NAME, SALARY FROM EMP_DETAILS_VIEW
WHERE JOB_ID = 'SH_CLERK';

SALARIES
LAST_NAME                   SALARY
------------------------- --------
Taylor                      $3,200
Fleaur                      $3,100
Sullivan                    $2,500
Geoni                       $2,800
Sarchand                    $4,200
Bull                        $4,100
Dellinger                   $3,400
Cabrio                      $3,000
Chung                       $3,800
Dilly                       $3,600
Gates                       $2,900
Perkins                     $2,500
Bell                        $4,000
Everett                     $3,900
McCain                      $3,200
Jones                       $2,800

SALARIES
LAST_NAME                   SALARY
------------------------- --------
Walsh                       $3,100
Feeney                      $3,000
OConnell                    $2,600
Grant                       $2,600

20 rows selected.

Syntax

SET COLINVI[SIBLE] [ON | OFF]

ON sets the DESCRIBE command to enable the display of information about an invisible column.

SET COLINVISIBLE has no effect on query statments that contain invisible columns. To retrieve data in an invisible column, explicitly specify the column in your query.

Example

To view information about an invisible column with the DESCRIBE command.

Create a table with an invisible column.

create table test_invisible_cols (emp_id number, emp_info char(20),
                                  emp_acc_no number invisible);

Table created.

Use the DESCRIBE command to list the table columns.

describe test_invisible_cols

Name                                      Null?    Type
----------------------------------------- -------- -----------------------
EMP_ID                                             NUMBER
EMP_INFO                                           CHAR(20)

Note that with the default SET COLINVISIBLE OFF, the invisible column does not appear in the result. Change the default setting of SET COLINVISIBLE to ON.

SET COLINVISIBLE ON

colinvisible ON

Now use the DESCRIBE command again to list the table columns. The invisible column now appears in the output.

describe test_invisible_cols

Name                                      Null?    Type
----------------------------------------- -------- -----------------------
EMP_ID                                             NUMBER
EMP_INFO                                           CHAR(20)
EMP_ACC_NO(INVISIBLE)                              NUMBER

Syntax

SET COLSEP {  | text}

Sets the column separator character printed between columns in output.

If the COLSEP variable contains blanks or punctuation characters, you must enclose it with single quotes. The default value for text is a single space.

In multi-line rows, the column separator does not print between columns that begin on different lines. The column separator does not appear on blank lines produced by BREAK ... SKIP n and does not overwrite the record separator. See SET RECSEP {WR[APPED] | EA[CH] | OFF} for more information.

Example

To set the column separator to "|" enter

SET MARKUP HTML PREFORMAT ON
SET COLSEP '|'
SELECT LAST_NAME, JOB_ID, DEPARTMENT_ID
FROM EMP_DETAILS_VIEW
WHERE DEPARTMENT_ID = 20;

LAST_NAME                |JOB_ID    |DEPARTMENT_ID
-------------------------|----------|-------------
Hartstein                |MK_MAN    |           20
Fay                      |MK_REP    |           20

Syntax

SET CON[CAT] {. | c | ON | OFF}

Sets the character used to terminate a substitution variable reference when SQL*Plus would otherwise interpret the next character as a part of the variable name.

SQL*Plus resets the value of CONCAT to a period when you switch CONCAT on.

Syntax

SET COPYC[OMMIT] {0 | n}

Controls the number of rows after which the COPY command commits changes to the database.

COPY commits rows to the destination database each time it copies n row batches. Valid values are zero to 5000. You can set the size of a batch with the ARRAYSIZE variable. If you set COPYCOMMIT to zero, COPY performs a commit only at the end of a copy operation.

Syntax

SET COPYTYPECHECK {ON | OFF}

Sets the suppression of the comparison of datatypes while inserting or appending to tables with the COPY command.

This is to facilitate copying to DB2, which requires that a CHAR be copied to a DB2 DATE.

Syntax

SET DEF[INE] {& | c | ON | OFF}

Sets the character used to prefix substitution variables to c.

ON or OFF controls whether SQL*Plus will scan commands for substitution variables and replace them with their values. ON changes the value of c back to the default '&', not the most recently used character. The setting of DEFINE to OFF overrides the setting of the SCAN variable.

See SET SCAN {ON|OFF} (obsolete) for more information on the SCAN variable.

Syntax

SET DESCRIBE [DEPTH {1 | n | ALL}] [LINENUM {ON | OFF}] [INDENT {ON | OFF}]

Sets the depth of the level to which you can recursively describe an object.

The valid range of the DEPTH clause is from 1 to 50. If you SET DESCRIBE DEPTH ALL, then the depth will be set to 50, which is the maximum level allowed. You can also display the line number and indentation of the attribute or column name when an object contains multiple object types. Use the SET LINESIZE command to control the width of the data displayed.

See DESCRIBE for more information about describing objects.

Example

To create an object type ADDRESS, enter

CREATE TYPE ADDRESS AS OBJECT
  ( STREET  VARCHAR2(20),
    CITY    VARCHAR2(20)
  );
/

Type created

To create the table EMPLOYEE that contains a nested object, EMPADDR, of type ADDRESS, enter

CREATE TABLE EMPLOYEE
  (LAST_NAME VARCHAR2(30),
   EMPADDR ADDRESS,
   JOB_ID VARCHAR2(20),
   SALARY NUMBER(7,2)
  );
/

Table created

To describe the table EMPLOYEE to a depth of two levels, and to indent the output and display line numbers, enter:

SET DESCRIBE DEPTH 2 LINENUM ON INDENT ON
DESCRIBE employee

       Name                            Null?    Type
       ------------------------------- -------- --------------------------
1      LAST_NAME                                VARCHAR2(30)
2      EMPADDR                                  ADDRESS
3    2   STREET                                 VARCHAR2(20)
4    2   CITY                                   VARCHAR2(20)
5      JOB_ID                                   VARCHAR2(20)
6      SALARY                                   NUMBER(7,2)

Syntax

SET ECHO {ON | OFF}

Controls whether or not to echo commands in a script that is executed with @, @@ or START. ON displays the commands on screen. OFF suppresses the display. ECHO does not affect the display of commands you enter interactively or redirect to SQL*Plus from the operating system.

Syntax

SET EDITF[ILE] file_name[.ext]

Sets the default filename for the EDIT command. See EDIT for more information about the EDIT command. The default filename for the EDIT command is afiedt.buf which is the SQL buffer.

You can include a path and/or file extension. See SET SUF[FIX] {SQL | text} for information on changing the default extension. The default filename and maximum filename length are operating system specific.

Syntax

SET EMB[EDDED] {ON | OFF}

Controls where on a page each report begins.

OFF forces each report to start at the top of a new page. ON enables a report to begin anywhere on a page. Set EMBEDDED to ON when you want a report to begin printing immediately following the end of the previously run report.

Syntax

SET ERRORL[OGGING] {ON | OFF} [TABLE [schema.]tablename] [TRUNCATE] [IDENTIFIER identifier]

Turns SQL*Plus error logging ON or OFF. Error logging records SQL, PL/SQL and SQL*Plus errors and associated parameters in an error log table. You can then query the log table to review errors resulting from a query. When error logging is ON, errors are recorded whether the query is run interactively or from a script. This is particularly useful for capturing errors generated from long running queries and avoids capturing all output using the SPOOL command, or having to remain present during the run.

By default, errors are written to a the table SPERRORLOG in your schema. If this table does not exist, it is created automatically. You can also use the TABLE schema.tablename option to specify other tables to use. When using a table other than SPERRORLOG, it must already exist, and you must have access to it. See Creating a User Defined Error Log Table.

If an internal error occurs, to avoid recursion errors caused by the errorlog calling itself, errorlogging is automatically set OFF.

Error logging is set OFF by default.

ON

Writes ORA, PLS and SP2 errors to the default table, SPERRORLOG.

OFF

Disables error .

TABLE [schema.]tablename

Specifies a user defined table to use instead of the default, SPERRORLOG. If you omit schema. the table is created in the current schema. The table you specify must exist, and you must have access permissions.

If the table specified does not exist, or you do not have access, an error message is displayed and the default table, SPERRORLOG, is used.

TRUNCATE

Clears all existing rows in the error log table and begins recording errors from the current session.

IDENTIFIER identifier

Creating a User Defined Error Log Table

You can create one or more error log tables to use other than the default. Before specifying a user defined error log table with the TABLE schema.tablename option, you must create it and ensure that you have permissions to access it. The error log table has the following column definitions:

Using User Defined Error Log Tables

To use a user defined log table, you must have permission to access the table, and you must issue the SET ERRORLOGGING command with the TABLE schema.tablename option to identify the error log table and the schema if applicable.

Querying Error Log Tables

To view the records recorded in an error log table, you query the columns you want to view as for any table. The columns available are shown in Table 13-4.

Example

To use the default error log table to record query errors from a script, myfile.sql, which contains the following:

VARIABLE U REFCURSOR
BEGIN
  OPEN :U FOR SELECT * FROM DEPT;
END;
/

SHOW ERRORS PROCEDURE 'SSS'

SET GARBAGE

SELECT * 
FROM
GARBAGE
;

Enter the following:

SET ERRORLOGGING ON
@myfile

which produces the following output:

open :u for select * from dept;
                          *
ERROR at line 2:
ORA-6550: line 2, column 29:
PLS-00201: ORA-00942: table or view does not exist
ORA-6550: line 2, column 16:
PL/SQL: SQL Statement ignored

ERROR:
ORA-00907: missing right parenthesis

SP2-0158: unknown SET option "garbage"

garbage
*
ERROR at line 3:
ORA-00942: table or view does not exist

To view the errror log written to the default error log table, SPERRORLOG, enter:

SELECT TIMESTAMP, USERNAME, SCRIPT, IDENTIFIER, STATEMENT, MESSAGE
FROM SPERRORLOG;

which produces the following output:

Example 2

To use a user defined error log table to record query errors from a script, myfile.sql, which contains the following:

VARIABLE U REFCURSOR
BEGIN
  OPEN :U FOR SELECT * FROM DEPT;
END;
/

SHOW ERRORS PROCEDURE 'SSS'

SET GARBAGE

SELECT * 
FROM
GARBAGE
;

Enter the following:

SET ERRORLOGGING ON
@MYFILE

which produces the following output:

open :u for select * from dept;
                          *
ERROR at line 2:
ORA-6550: line 2, column 29:
PLS-00201: ORA-00942: table or view does not exist
ORA-6550: line 2, column 16:
PL/SQL: SQL Statement ignored

ERROR:
ORA-00907: missing right parenthesis

SP2-0158: unknown SET option "garbage"

garbage
*
ERROR at line 3:
ORA-00942: table or view does not exist

To view the errror log written to the default error log table, SPERRORLOG, enter:

SELECT TIMESTAMP, USERNAME, SCRIPT, IDENTIFIER, STATEMENT, MESSAGE
FROM SPERRORLOG;

which produces the following output:

Example 3

To use an error log table other than the default:

• Create the error log table you want to use

• Specify the table you want to use with the TABLE option of the SET ERRORLOGGING ON command.

The error log table must have the column definitions defined in Table 13-4.

John wants to use an error log table named john_sperrorlog. John would run the following SQL statements to create the new error log table:

DROP TABLE john_sperrorlog;   
CREATE TABLE john_sperrorlog(username   VARCHAR(256), 
timestamp  TIMESTAMP,
script     VARCHAR(1024),
identifier VARCHAR(256),
message    CLOB,
statement  CLOB);

Removed Commit from previous example from user comment giridhar123 14Feb08

John then issues the following SET command to enable error logging using the newly created error log table

SET ERRORLOGGING ON TABLE john_sperrorlog

All error logging for John is now recorded to john_sperrorlog, and not to the default error log table, SPERRORLOG.

Access privileges for the error log table are handled in the same way as for any user table.

Syntax

SET ESC[APE] {\ | c | ON | OFF}

Defines the character used as the escape character.

OFF undefines the escape character. ON enables the escape character. ON changes the value of c back to the default "\".

You can use the escape character before the substitution character (set through SET DEFINE) to indicate that SQL*Plus should treat the substitution character as an ordinary character rather than as a request for variable substitution.

Example

If you define the escape character as an exclamation point (!), then

SET ESCAPE !
ACCEPT v1 PROMPT 'Enter !&1:'

displays this prompt:

Enter &1:

To set the escape character back to the default value of \ (backslash), enter

SET ESCAPE ON

Syntax

SET ESCCHAR {@ | ? | % | OFF}

Specifies a character to be escaped and not interpreted when used in a file name for the SPOOL, START, @, RUN and EDIT commands. These special characters are translated to the following:

• @ in a filename will be translated to Oracle SID

• ? is translated to Oracle Home in Unix

• % is translated to Oracle Home in Windows

While it is not recommended that these characters are used in filenames, if you have legacy files that do use them, it might be useful to include a SET ESCCHAR command in your GLogin file to implement it across your site.

If not escaped, the characters @, ? and % have significance when interpreted and cause errors for the SPOOL, START, @, RUN and EDIT commands.

SET ESCCHAR is set OFF by default.

Syntax

SET EXITC[OMMIT] {ON | OFF}

Specifies whether the default EXIT behavior is COMMIT or ROLLBACK.

The default setting is ON, which means that work is committed on exit, whether you expected it to be committed or not. Set EXITCOMMIT OFF to rollback work on exit.

Table 13-5 shows the exit action associated with combinations of SET commands (AUTOCOMMIT & EXITCOMMIT) and the EXIT command.

Syntax

SET FEED[BACK] {6 | n | ON | OFF | ONLY} [SQL_ID]

Displays the number of records returned by a script when a script selects at least n records.

ON or OFF turns this display on or off. Turning feedback ON sets n to 1. Setting feedback to zero is equivalent to turning it OFF. The feedback message is not displayed while the data is displayed.

SET FEEDBACK OFF also turns off the statement confirmation messages such as 'Table created' and 'PL/SQL procedure successfully completed' that are displayed after successful SQL or PL/SQL statements.

ONLY returns the number of rows selected by a query without displaying data.

SQL_ID returns the sql_id for the SQL or PL/SQL statements that are executed. The sql_id will be assigned to the predefined variable _SQL_ID. You can use this predefined variable to debug the SQL statement that was executed. The variable can be used like any other predefined variable, such as _USER and _DATE.

SQL> SET FEEDBACK ON SQL_ID
SQL> SELECT * FROM DUAL;  

D 
- 
X  

1 row selected.  

SQL_ID: a5ks9fhw2v9s1 
SQL> COLUMN sql_text FORMAT a50 
SQL> SELECT sql_text FROM v$sql WHERE sql_id = '&_sql_id';  

SQL_TEXT 
----------------------------------------------------- 
SELECT * FROM DUAL  

1 row selected.  

SQL_ID: cf9bgxbfytv5b

Example

To enable SET FEEDBACK ONLY, enter

SQL> SET FEEDBACK ONLY
SQL> SHOW FEEDBACK
feedback ONLY
SQL> SELECT * FROM EMP;

14 rows selected.

To enable SET_FEEDBACK and SQL_ID enter

SQL> SET FEEDBACK ON SQL_ID
SQL> SELECT * FROM DEPT; 

DEPTNO DNAME LOC 
-------------- ------------------- ---------------------             
 	10 ACCOUNTING NEW YORK              
	20 RESEARCH DALLAS              
	30 SALES CHICAGO              
	40 OPERATIONS BOSTON  

4 rows selected. 

SQL_ID: 3154rqzb8xudy 
SQL> CONNECT SYSTEM 
ENTER PASSWORD: 
Connected. 
SQL> COLUMN sql_text FORMAT a50 
SQL> SELECT sql_text FROM v$sql WHERE sql_id = '&_sql_id';

SQL_TEXT 
------------------------------------------------------------- 
SELECT * FROM DEPT  

1 row selected.  
SQL_ID: 81a5n8q6g2vvr 

Syntax

SET FLAGGER {OFF | ENTRY | INTERMED[IATE] | FULL}

Checks to make sure that SQL statements conform to the ANSI/ISO SQL92 standard.

If any non-standard constructs are found, the Oracle Database Server flags them as errors and displays the violating syntax. This is the equivalent of the SQL language ALTER SESSION SET FLAGGER command.

You may execute SET FLAGGER even if you are not connected to a database. FIPS flagging will remain in effect across SQL*Plus sessions until a SET FLAGGER OFF (or ALTER SESSION SET FLAGGER = OFF) command is successful or you exit SQL*Plus.

When FIPS flagging is enabled, SQL*Plus displays a warning for the CONNECT, DISCONNECT, and ALTER SESSION SET FLAGGER commands, even if they are successful.

Syntax

SET FLU[SH] {ON | OFF}

Controls when output is sent to the user's display device. OFF enables the operating system to buffer output. ON disables buffering. FLUSH only affects display output, it does not affect spooled output.

Use OFF only when you run a script non-interactively (that is, when you do not need to see output and/or prompts until the script finishes running). The use of FLUSH OFF may improve performance by reducing the amount of program I/O.

Syntax

SET HEA[DING] {ON | OFF}

Controls printing of column headings in reports.

ON prints column headings in reports; OFF suppresses column headings.

The SET HEADING OFF command does not affect the column width displayed, it only suppresses the printing of the column header itself.

Example

To suppress the display of column headings in a report, enter

SET HEADING OFF

If you then run a SQL SELECT command

SELECT LAST_NAME, SALARY
FROM EMP_DETAILS_VIEW
WHERE JOB_ID = 'AC_MGR';

the following output results:

Higgins 12000

To turn the display of column headings back on, enter

SET HEADING ON

Syntax

SET HEADS[EP] {  | c | ON | OFF}

Defines the character used as a line break in column headings.

The heading separator character cannot be alphanumeric or white space. You can use the heading separator character in the COLUMN command and in the old forms of BTITLE and TTITLE to divide a column heading or title onto more than one line. ON or OFF turns heading separation on or off. When heading separation is OFF, SQL*Plus prints a heading separator character like any other character. ON changes the value of c back to the default "|".

Syntax

SET HIST[ORY] {ON | OFF | n}

Enables or disables the history of commands. When enabled, SQL*Plus, SQL and PL/SQL statements are stored in the command history list. You can recall SQL*Plus, SQL and PL/SQL statements by using the HISTORY command.

Examples

To enable command history and store 200 entries in the list, enter

SET HIST[ORY] 200

If you do not specify a value for n, the default is 100.

Syntax

SET INSTANCE [instance_path | LOCAL]

Changes the default instance for your session to the specified instance path.

Using the SET INSTANCE command does not connect to a database. The default instance is used for commands when no instance is specified. Any commands preceding the first use of SET INSTANCE communicate with the default instance.

To reset the instance to the default value for your operating system, you can either enter SET INSTANCE with no instance_path or SET INSTANCE LOCAL.

Note, you can only change the instance when you are not currently connected to any instance. That is, you must first make sure that you have disconnected from the current instance, then set or change the instance, and reconnect to an instance in order for the new setting to be enabled.

This command may only be issued when Oracle Net is running. You can use any valid Oracle Net connect identifier as the specified instance path. See your operating system-specific Oracle Database documentation for a complete description of how your operating system specifies Oracle Net connect identifiers. The maximum length of the instance path is 64 characters.

Example

To set the default instance to "PROD1" enter

DISCONNECT
SET INSTANCE PROD1

To set the instance back to the default of local, enter

SET INSTANCE local

You must disconnect from any connected instances to change the instance.

Syntax

SET JSONPRINT [NORMAL] [PRETTY] [ASCII]

Formats the output of JSON type columns.

Starting with Release 21c, JSON is a new SQL and PL/SQL data type for JSON data. For more information about JSON, see Getting Started with JSON.

PRETTY displays a formatted JSON output with proper alignment and spacing.

ASCII displays non-ASCII characters as Unicode escape sequences.

NORMAL is the default value and clears the PRETTY and ASCII parameters.

Example

To enable pretty printing for JSON data, enter:

SQL> set jsonprint pretty
SQL> show jsonprint
jsonprint PRETTY

SQL> select json('[{a:"\u20ac"},{b:"value"}]') from dual;
JSON('[{A:"\U20AC"},{B:"VALUE"}]')
-----------------------------------------------------------------
---------------
[
 {
 "a" : "€"
 },
 {
 "b" : "value"
 }
]

The result has a non-ASCII character. If ASCII is enabled, the output is as follows:

SQL> set jsonprint pretty ascii
SQL> show jsonprint
jsonprint PRETTY ASCII

SQL> select json('[{a:"\u20ac"},{b:"value"}]') from dual;
JSON('[{A:"\U20AC"},{B:"VALUE"}]')
-----------------------------------------------------------------
---------------
[
 {
 "a" : "\u20AC"
 },
 {
 "b" : "value"
 }
]

Syntax

SET LIN[ESIZE] {80 | n | WINDOW}

Sets the total number of characters that SQL*Plus displays on one line before beginning a new line.

It also controls the position of centered and right-aligned text in TTITLE, BTITLE, REPHEADER and REPFOOTER. Changing the linesize setting can affect text wrapping in output from the DESCRIBE command. DESCRIBE output columns are typically allocated a proportion of the linesize. Decreasing or increasing the linesize may give unexpected text wrapping in your display. You can define LINESIZE as a value from 1 to a maximum that is system dependent.

WINDOW adjusts the linesize and pagesize for the formatted output according to the width and height of the screen. If the output is longer than the screen width, then the output is wrapped accordingly.

If the screen size is manually set by using the SET LINESIZE n command, the subsequent output will be displayed to fit the new linesize.

Example

To set the linesize for the output to 20, enter

SQL> SET LINESIZE 20
SQL> SHOW LINESIZE
linesize 20

To dynamically change the output display after manually resizing the screen, enter

SQL> SET LINESIZE Window
SQL> SHOW LINESIZE
linesize 160 WINDOW

Syntax

SET LOBOF[FSET] {1 | n}

Sets the starting position from which BLOB, BFILE, CLOB and NCLOB data is retrieved and displayed.

Example

To set the starting position from which a CLOB column's data is retrieved to the 22nd position, enter

SET LOBOFFSET 22

The CLOB data will wrap on your screen; SQL*Plus will not truncate until the 23rd character.

Syntax

SET LOBPREFETCH {0 | n}

Sets the amount of LOB data (in bytes) that SQL*Plus will prefetch from the database at one time.

Example

To set the amount of prefetched LOB data to 8000 bytes, enter

SET LOBPREFETCH 8000

If you do not specify a value for n, the default is 0. This means that LOB data prefetching is off.

Syntax

SET LOGSOURCE [pathname]

Specifies the location from which archive logs are retrieved during recovery.

The default value is set by the LOG_ARCHIVE_DEST initialization parameter in the Oracle Database initialization file, init.ora. Using the SET LOGSOURCE command without a pathname restores the default location.

Example

To set the default location of log files for recovery to the directory "/usr/oracle10/dbs/arch" enter

SET LOGSOURCE "/usr/oracle10/dbs/arch"
RECOVER DATABASE

Syntax

SET LONG {80 | n}

Sets maximum width (in bytes) for displaying BLOB, BFILE, CLOB, LONG, NCLOB and XMLType values; and for copying LONG values.

Starting with Oracle Database release 21c, JSONPRINT can be used with SET LONG to set the maximum width for displaying JSON values.

Querying LONG columns requires enough local memory to store the amount of data specified by SET LONG, irrespective of the value of the SET LONGCHUNKSIZE command. This requirement does not apply when querying LOBs.

It is recommended that you do not create tables with LONG columns. LONG columns are supported only for backward compatibility. Use LOB columns (BLOB, BFILE, CLOB, NCLOB) instead. LOB columns have fewer restrictions than LONG columns and are still being enhanced.

The maximum value of n is 2,000,000,000 bytes. It is important to check that the memory required by your SET LONG command is available on your machine, for example:

SET LONG 2000000000

assumes that available RAM (random access memory) on the machine exceeds 2 gigabytes.

Example

To set the maximum number of bytes to fetch for displaying and copying LONG values, to 500, enter

SET LONG 500

The LONG data will wrap on your screen; SQL*Plus will not truncate until the 501st byte. The default for LONG is 80 bytes.

Syntax

SET LONGC[HUNKSIZE] {80 | n}

Sets the size (in bytes) of the increments SQL*Plus uses to retrieve a BLOB, BFILE, CLOB, LONG, NCLOB or XMLType value.

LONGCHUNKSIZE is not used for object relational queries such as CLOB, or NCLOB.

Example

To set the size of the increments in which SQL*Plus retrieves LONG values to 100 bytes, enter

SET LONGCHUNKSIZE 100

The LONG data will be retrieved in increments of 100 bytes until the entire value is retrieved or the value of SET LONG is reached, whichever is the smaller.

Syntax

SET MARK[UP] markup_option

where markup_option consists of:

• csv_option

• html_option

where csv_option has the following syntax:

CSV {ON|OFF} [DELIMI[TER] character] [QUOTE {ON|OFF}]

where html_option has the following syntax:

HTML {ON|OFF} [HEAD text] [BODY text] [TABLE text] [ENTMAP {ON|OFF}] [SPOOL {ON|OFF}] [PRE[FORMAT] {ON|OFF}]

csv_option

Outputs reports in CSV format.

To be effective, SET MARKUP commands that change values in dynamic report output must be issued before the statement that produces the query output. The first statement that produces the query output triggers the output of CSV data that reflects the DELIMITER and QUOTE settings.

CSV is a mandatory SET MARKUP argument which specifies the type of output to be generated is CSV. The optional CSV arguments, ON and OFF, specify whether or not to generate CSV output. The default is OFF.

You can turn CSV output ON and OFF as required during a session.

DELIMI[TER] character

The DELIMI[TER] character option enables you to specify a column separator character.

QUOTE {ON|OFF}

The QUOTE {ON|OFF} option enables you to turn text quoting on or off. The default is OFF.

QUOTE ON generates CSV output with all text quoted. Double quotes (“ ”) embedded within text are escaped.

You can turn quoted text ON and OFF as required during a session.

Supported Commands when SET MARKUP CSV is Enabled

If enabled, the following COLUMN commands will remain effective when SET MARKUP CSV is enabled:

• COLUMN FORMAT

• COLUMN HEADING

• COLUMN NULL

Unsupported Commands when SET MARKUP CSV is Enabled

When SET MARKUP CSV is enabled, the following SQL*Plus commands will have no effect on the output:

• BREAK

• BTITLE

• COMPUTE

• REPFOOTER

• REPHEADER

When SET MARKUP CSV is enabled, the following SET commands will have no effect on the output:

• SET COLSEP

• SET HEADSEP

• SET LINESIZE

• SET NEWPAGE

• SET PAGESIZE

• SET PAUSE

• SET RECSEP

• SET SHIFTINOUT

• SET TAB

• SET TRIMOUT

• SET TRIMSPOOL

• SET UNDERLINE

• SET WRAP

When SET MARKUP CSV is enabled, the following COLUMN commands will have no effect on the output:

• COLUMN ENTMAP

• COLUMN FOLD_AFTER

• COLUMN FOLD_BEFORE

• COLUMN JUSTIFY

• COLUMN NEWLINE

• COLUMN NEW_VALUE

• COLUMN NOPRINT

• COLUMN OLD_VALUE

• COLUMN WRAP

Use the SHOW MARKUP command to view the status of MARKUP options.

Example

The following example illustrates the output when SET MARKUP CSV is enabled:

SQL> SET MARKUP CSV ON
SQL> SELECT * FROM EMP;

"EMPNO","ENAME","JOB","MGR","HIREDATE","SAL","COMM","DEPTNO"
7369,"SMITH","CLERK",7902,"17-DEC-80",800,,20
7499,"ALLEN","SALESMAN",7698,"20-FEB-81",1600,300,30
7521,"WARD","SALESMAN",7698,"22-FEB-81",1250,500,30
7566,"JONES","MANAGER",7839,"02-APR-81",2975,,20
7654,"MARTIN","SALESMAN",7698,"28-SEP-81",1250,1400,30
7698,"BLAKE","MANAGER",7839,"01-MAY-81",2850,,30
7782,"CLARK","MANAGER",7839,"09-JUN-81",2450,,10
7788,"SCOTT","ANALYST",7566,"19-APR-87",3000,,20
7839,"KING","PRESIDENT",,"17-NOV-81",5000,,10
7844,"TURNER","SALESMAN",7698,"08-SEP-81",1500,0,30
7876,"ADAMS","CLERK",7788,"23-MAY-87",1100,,20
7900,"JAMES","CLERK",7698,"03-DEC-81",950,,30
7902,"FORD","ANALYST",7566,"03-DEC-81",3000,,20
7934,"MILLER","CLERK",7782,"23-JAN-82",1300,,10

14 rows selected.

The following example illustrates how to extract all records from the Employee table of the database, with text strings unquoted:

SQL> SET MARKUP CSV ON QUOTE OFF 
SQL> SELECT * FROM EMP;

EMPNO,ENAME,JOB,MGR,HIREDATE,SAL,COMM,DEPTNO
7369,SMITH,CLERK,7902,17-DEC-80,800,,20
7499,ALLEN,SALESMAN,7698,20-FEB-81,1600,300,30
7521,WARD,SALESMAN,7698,22-FEB-81,1250,500,30
7566,JONES,MANAGER,7839,02-APR-81,2975,,20
7654,MARTIN,SALESMAN,7698,28-SEP-81,1250,1400,30
7698,BLAKE,MANAGER,7839,01-MAY-81,2850,,30
7782,CLARK,MANAGER,7839,09-JUN-81,2450,,10
7788,SCOTT,ANALYST,7566,19-APR-87,3000,,20
7839,KING,PRESIDENT,,17-NOV-81,5000,,10
7844,TURNER,SALESMAN,7698,08-SEP-81,1500,0,30
7876,ADAMS,CLERK,7788,23-MAY-87,1100,,20
7900,JAMES,CLERK,7698,03-DEC-81,950,,30
7902,FORD,ANALYST,7566,03-DEC-81,3000,,20
7934,MILLER,CLERK,7782,23-JAN-82,1300,,10

14 rows selected.

The following example illustrates the output with the pipe ( | ) character specified as the delimiter:

SQL> SET MARKUP CSV ON DELIMITER | 
SQL> SELECT * FROM EMP;

EMPNO|ENAME|JOB|MGR|HIREDATE|SAL|COMM|DEPTNO
7369|SMITH|CLERK|7902|17-DEC-80|800||20
7499|ALLEN|SALESMAN|7698|20-FEB-81|1600|300|30
7521|WARD|SALESMAN|7698|22-FEB-81|1250|500|30
7566|JONES|MANAGER|7839|02-APR-81|2975||20
7654|MARTIN|SALESMAN|7698|28-SEP-81|1250|1400|30
7698|BLAKE|MANAGER|7839|01-MAY-81|2850||30
7782|CLARK|MANAGER|7839|09-JUN-81|2450||10
7788|SCOTT|ANALYST|7566|19-APR-87|3000||20
7839|KING|PRESIDENT||17-NOV-81|5000||10
7844|TURNER|SALESMAN|7698|08-SEP-81|1500|0|30
7876|ADAMS|CLERK|7788|23-MAY-87|1100||20
7900|JAMES|CLERK|7698|03-DEC-81|950||30
7902|FORD|ANALYST|7566|03-DEC-81|3000||20
7934|MILLER|CLERK|7782|23-JAN-82|1300||10

14 rows selected.

html_option

Outputs HTML marked up text.

To be effective, SET MARKUP commands that change values in dynamic report output must occur before statements that produce query output. The first statement that produces query output triggers the output of information affected by SET MARKUP such as HEAD and TABLE settings. Subsequent SET MARKUP commands have no effect on the information already sent to the report.

SET MARKUP only specifies that SQL*Plus output will be HTML encoded. You must use SET MARKUP HTML ON SPOOL ON and the SQL*Plus SPOOL command to create and name a spool file, and to begin writing HMTL output to it. SET MARKUP has the same options and behavior as SQLPLUS -MARKUP.

See MARKUP Options for detailed information. For examples of usage, see Generating HTML Reports from SQL*Plus.

Use the SHOW MARKUP command to view the status of MARKUP options.

Example

The following is a script which uses the SET MARKUP HTML command to enable HTML marked up text to be spooled to a specified file:

Use your favorite text editor to enter the commands necessary to set up the HTML options and the query you want for your report.

SET MARKUP HTML ON SPOOL ON HEAD "<TITLE>SQL*Plus Report</title> -
<STYLE TYPE='TEXT/CSS'><!--BODY {background: ffffc6} --></STYLE>"
SET ECHO OFF
SPOOL employee.htm
SELECT FIRST_NAME, LAST_NAME, SALARY
FROM EMP_DETAILS_VIEW
WHERE SALARY>12000;
SPOOL OFF
SET MARKUP HTML OFF
SET ECHO ON

As this script contains SQL*Plus commands, do not attempt to run it with / (slash) from the buffer because it will fail. Save the script in your text editor and use START to execute it:

START employee.sql

As well as writing the HTML spool file, employee.htm, the output is also displayed on screen because SET TERMOUT defaults to ON. You can view the spool file, employee.htm, in your web browser. It should appear something like the following:

Description of the illustration markup-gif-guid-3f48884c-3523-4847-8780-5bbb08d774d2.png

Syntax

SET NEWP[AGE] {1 | n | NONE}

Sets the number of blank lines to be printed from the top of each page to the top title. A value of zero places a formfeed at the beginning of each page (including the first page) and clears the screen on most terminals. If you set NEWPAGE to NONE, SQL*Plus does not print a blank line or formfeed between the report pages.

Syntax

SET NULL text

Sets the text displayed whenever a null value occurs in the result of a SQL SELECT command.

Use the NULL clause of the COLUMN command to override the setting of the NULL variable for a given column. The default output for a null is blank ("").

Syntax

SET NUMF[ORMAT] format

Sets the default format for displaying numbers. See the FORMAT clause of the COLUMN command for number format descriptions. Enter a number format for format. To use the default field width and formatting model specified by SET NUMWIDTH, enter

SET NUMFORMAT "" 

Syntax

SET NUM[WIDTH] {10 | n}

Sets the default width for displaying numbers. See the FORMAT clause of the COLUMN command for number format descriptions.

COLUMN FORMAT settings take precedence over SET NUMFORMAT settings, which take precedence over SET NUMWIDTH settings.

Syntax

SET PAGES[IZE] {14 | n}

Sets the number of lines on each page of output. You can set PAGESIZE to zero to suppress all headings, page breaks, titles, the initial blank line, and other formatting information.

Syntax

SET PAU[SE] {ON | OFF | text}

Enables you to control scrolling of your terminal when running reports. You need to first, SET PAUSE text, and then SET PAUSE ON if you want text to appear each time SQL*Plus pauses.

SET PAUSE ON pauses output at the beginning of each PAGESIZE number of lines of report output. Press Return to view more output. SET PAUSE text specifies the text to be displayed each time SQL*Plus pauses. Multiple words in text must be enclosed in single quotes.

You can embed terminal-dependent escape sequences in the PAUSE command. These sequences allow you to create inverse video messages or other effects on terminals that support such characteristics.

Syntax

SET RECSEP {WR[APPED] | EA[CH] | OFF}

RECSEP tells SQL*Plus where to make the record separation.

For example, if you set RECSEP to WRAPPED, SQL*Plus prints a record separator only after wrapped lines. If you set RECSEP to EACH, SQL*Plus prints a record separator following every row. If you set RECSEP to OFF, SQL*Plus does not print a record separator.

Syntax

SET RECSEPCHAR {  | c}

Defines the character to display or print to separate records.

A record separator consists of a single line of the RECSEPCHAR (record separating character) repeated LINESIZE times. The default is a single space.

Syntax

SET ROWLIMIT {n | OFF}

Sets a limit for the number of rows to display for a query. By default, ROWLIMIT is OFF.

n can be any number between 1 and 2,000,000,000. An error is displayed when the value that is entered is outside this range.

OFF displays all the rows in the output.

SET ROWLIMIT ignores the value set by the SET FEEDBACK command.

The SET ROWLIMIT command is useful for queries that return a large number of rows, where users want to limit the number of rows to display without changing the query.

The purpose of the SET ROWLIMIT command is not to improve the performance of a query but to limit the rows to display. The number of rows fetched from the database is determined by the SET ARRAYSIZE value. Therefore, the server may return more rows than the value set in ROWLIMIT. When that happens, the query will finish and will not fetch any more data from the server. For example, a SQL statement to query a table contains 100 rows, but ROWLIMIT is set to 10 and ARRAYSIZE is set to 15. When the query is executed, 15 rows will first be fetched from the database. Since the rows returned satisfy the ROWLIMIT setting, the query will finish without fetching any more rows. However, if the ROWLIMIT is set to 20, then a second round trip is required to fetch the next 15 rows to satisfy the ROWLIMIT setting.

Example

To set the number of rows to display as 2, enter:

SQL> SET ROWLIMIT 2
SQL> SHOW ROWLIMIT
rowlimit 2

SQL> SELECT * FROM DEPT;

DEPTNO  DNAME	       
------  ----------- 
10      ACCOUNTING	
20      RESEARCH	  

2 rows selected. (rowlimit reached)

Example

By default, the FEEDBACK message is displayed only after 10 rows are displayed, but if ROWLIMIT is set to 2, the FEEDBACK message will be displayed for two rows even if the FEEDBACK is set to 10.

SQL> SET FEEDBACK 10
SQL> SET ROWLIMIT 2
SQL> SELECT * from EMP;

2 rows selected. (rowlimit reached)  

Syntax

SET ROWPREFETCH {1 | n}

Sets the number of rows that SQL*Plus will prefetch from the database at one time.

The default value is 1.

Example

To set the number of prefetched rows to 200, enter

SET ROWPREFETCH 200

If you do not specify a value for n, the default is 1 row. This means that row prefetching is off.

Syntax

SET SECUREDCOL {OFF | ON} [UNAUTH[ORIZED] text] [UNK[NOWN] text]

Sets how secure column values are displayed in SQLPLUS output for users without permission to view a column and for columns with unknown security. You can choose either the default text or specify the text that is displayed. The default is OFF.

When column level security is enabled, and SET SECUREDCOL is set ON, output from SQLPLUS for secured columns or columns of unknown security level is replaced with either your customized text or the default indicators. This only applies to scalar data types. Complex Object data output is not affected.

ON displays the default indicator "*****" in place of column values for users without authorisation, and displays "?????" in place of column values where the security level is unknown. The indicators "*" and "?" are filled to the defined column length or the column length defined by a current COLUMN command.

OFF displays null values in place of column values for users without authorization, and in place of column values where the security level is unknown.

UNAUTH[ORIZED] text enables you to specify the text to be displayed in a secured column for users without authorization. This text appears instead of the default "*****"

You can specify any alpha numeric text up to the column length or a maximum of 30 characters. Longer text is truncated. Text containing spaces must be quoted.

UNK[NOWN] text enables you to specify the text to be displayed in a column of unknown security level. This text appears instead of the default "??????"

You can specify any alpha numeric text up to the column length or a maximum of 30 characters. Longer text is truncated. Text containing spaces must be quoted.

Example

SET SECUREDCOL ON
SELECT empno, ename, sal FROM emp ORDER BY deptno;

EMPNO ENAME  DEPTNO SAL
 7539 KING   10     ********
 7369 SMITH  20          800
 7566 JONES  20         2975
 7788 SCOTT  20         3000
 7521 WARD   30     ********
 7499 ALLEN  30     ********

SET SECUREDCOL ON UNAUTH notallow
SELECT empno, ename, sal FROM emp ORDER BY deptno;

EMPNO ENAME  DEPTNO SAL
 7539 KING   10    notallow
 7369 SMITH  20          800
 7566 JONES  20         2975
 7788 SCOTT  20         3000
 7521 WARD   30     notallow
 7499 ALLEN  30     notallow

Syntax

SET SERVEROUT[PUT] {ON | OFF} [SIZE {n | UNL[IMITED]}] [FOR[MAT] {WRA[PPED]  | WOR[D_WRAPPED] | TRU[NCATED]}]

Controls whether to display output (that is, DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE) of stored procedures or PL/SQL blocks in SQL*Plus. The DBMS_OUTPUT line length limit is 32767 bytes.

OFF suppresses the output of DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE. ON displays the output.

ON uses the SIZE and FORMAT of the previous SET SERVEROUTPUT ON SIZE n FORMAT f, or uses default values if no SET SERVEROUTPUT command was previously issued in the current connection.

SIZE sets the number of bytes of the output that can be buffered within the Oracle Database server. The default is UNLIMITED. n cannot be less than 2000 or greater than 1,000,000.

Resources are not pre-allocated when SERVEROUTPUT is set. As there is no performance penalty, use UNLIMITED unless you want to conserve physical memory.

Every server output line begins on a new output line.

When WRAPPED is enabled SQL*Plus wraps the server output within the line size specified by SET LINESIZE, beginning new lines when required.

When WORD_WRAPPED is enabled, each line of server output is wrapped within the line size specified by SET LINESIZE. Lines are broken on word boundaries. SQL*Plus left justifies each line, skipping all leading whitespace.

When TRUNCATED is enabled, each line of server output is truncated to the line size specified by SET LINESIZE.

For detailed information about using UTL_FILE and associated utilities, see the Oracle Database PL/SQL Packages and Types Reference .

For more information on DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE, see Developing Applications with Oracle XA.

Example

To enable text display in a PL/SQL block using DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE, enter

SET SERVEROUTPUT ON

The following example shows what happens when you execute an anonymous procedure with SET SERVEROUTPUT ON:

BEGIN
  DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Task is complete');
END;
/

Task is complete.
PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.

The following example shows what happens when you create a trigger with SET SERVEROUTPUT ON:

CREATE TABLE SERVER_TAB (Letter CHAR);
CREATE TRIGGER SERVER_TRIG BEFORE INSERT OR UPDATE -
OR DELETE
ON SERVER_TAB
BEGIN
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Task is complete.');
END;
/

Trigger Created.

INSERT INTO SERVER_TAB VALUES ('M');
DROP TABLE SERVER_TAB; 
/* Remove SERVER_TAB from database */

Task is complete.
1 row created.

To set the output to WORD_WRAPPED, enter

SET SERVEROUTPUT ON FORMAT WORD_WRAPPED
SET LINESIZE 20
BEGIN
  DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('If there is nothing left to do');
  DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('shall we continue with plan B?');
END;
/

If there is nothing
left to do
shall we continue
with plan B?

To set the output to TRUNCATED, enter

SET SERVEROUTPUT ON FORMAT TRUNCATED
SET LINESIZE 20
BEGIN
  DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('If there is nothing left to do');
  DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('shall we continue with plan B?');
END;
/

If there is nothing
shall we continue wi

Syntax

SET SHIFT[INOUT] {VIS[IBLE] | INV[ISIBLE]}

Enables correct alignment for terminals that display shift characters. The SET SHIFTINOUT command is useful for terminals which display shift characters together with data (for example, IBM 3270 terminals). You can only use this command with shift sensitive character sets (for example, JA16DBCS).

Use VISIBLE for terminals that display shift characters as a visible character (for example, a space or a colon). INVISIBLE is the opposite and does not display any shift characters.

Example

To enable the display of shift characters on a terminal that supports them, enter

SET SHIFTINOUT VISIBLE
SELECT LAST_NAME, JOB_ID FROM EMP_DETAILS_VIEW
WHERE SALARY > 12000;

LAST_NAME      JOB_ID
---------- ----------
:JJOO:       :AABBCC:
:AA:abc       :DDEE:e

where ":" = visible shift character uppercase represents multibyte characters

lowercase represents singlebyte characters

Syntax

SET SHOW[MODE] {ON | OFF}

Controls whether SQL*Plus lists the old and new settings of a SQL*Plus system variable when you change the setting with SET. ON lists the settings; OFF suppresses the listing. SHOWMODE ON has the same behavior as the obsolete SHOWMODE BOTH.

Syntax

SET SQLBL[ANKLINES] {ON | OFF}

Controls whether SQL*Plus puts blank lines within a SQL command or script. ON interprets blank lines and new lines as part of a SQL command or script. OFF, the default value, does not allow blank lines or new lines in a SQL command or script or script.

Enter the BLOCKTERMINATOR to stop SQL command entry without running the SQL command. Enter the SQLTERMINATOR character to stop SQL command entry and run the SQL statement.

Example

To allow blank lines in a SQL statement, enter

SET SQLBLANKLINES ON
REM Using the SQLTERMINATOR (default is ";") 
REM Could have used the BLOCKTERMINATOR (default is ".")
SELECT *

FROM

DUAL

;

The following output results:

D
-
X

Syntax

SET SQLC[ASE] {MIX[ED] | LO[WER] | UP[PER]}

Converts the case of SQL commands and PL/SQL blocks just prior to execution.

SQL*Plus converts all text within the command, including quoted literals and identifiers, to uppercase if SQLCASE equals UPPER, to lowercase if SQLCASE equals LOWER, and makes no changes if SQLCASE equals MIXED.

SQLCASE does not change the SQL buffer itself.

Syntax

SET SQLCO[NTINUE] {> | text}

Sets the character sequence SQL*Plus displays as a prompt after you continue a SQL*Plus command on an additional line using a hyphen (–).

Example

To set the SQL*Plus command continuation prompt to an exclamation point followed by a space, enter

SET SQLCONTINUE '! '

SQL*Plus will prompt for continuation as follows:

TTITLE 'MONTHLY INCOME' -
! RIGHT SQL.PNO SKIP 2 -
! CENTER 'PC DIVISION'

The default continuation prompt is "> ".

Syntax

SET SQLN[UMBER] {ON | OFF}

Sets the prompt for the second and subsequent lines of a SQL command or PL/SQL block. ON sets the prompt to be the line number. OFF sets the prompt to the value of SQLPROMPT.

Syntax

SET SQLPLUSCOMPAT[IBILITY] {x.y[.z]}

Sets the behavior to that of the release or version specified by x.y[.z].

Where x is the version number, y is the release number, and z is the update number. For example, 8.1.7, 9.0.1 or 10.2. The features affected by SQLPLUSCOMPATIBILITY are tabulated in the SQL*Plus Compatibility Matrix shown. You can also set the value of SQLPLUSCOMPATIBILITY using the -C[OMPATIBILITY] argument of the SQLPLUS command when starting SQL*Plus from the command line.

The default setting for SQLPLUSCOMPATIBILITY is the value of the SQL*Plus client.

It is recommended that you add SET SQLPLUSCOMPATIBILITY 12.2 to your scripts to maximize their compatibility with future versions of SQL*Plus.

Syntax

SET SQLPRE[FIX] {# | c}

Sets the SQL*Plus prefix character. While you are entering a SQL command or PL/SQL block, you can enter a SQL*Plus command on a separate line, prefixed by the SQL*Plus prefix character. SQL*Plus will execute the command immediately without affecting the SQL command or PL/SQL block that you are entering. The prefix character must be a non-alphanumeric character.

Syntax

SET SQLP[ROMPT] {SQL> | text}

Sets the SQL*Plus command prompt. SET SQLPROMPT substitute variables dynamically. This enables the inclusion of runtime variables such as the current connection identifier. Substitution variables used in SQLPROMPT do not have to be prefixed with '&', and they can be used and accessed like any other substitution variable. Variable substitution is not attempted for the default prompt, "SQL> ".

Variable substitution occurs each time SQLPROMPT is SET. If SQLPROMPT is included in glogin.sql, then substitution variables in SQLPROMPT are refreshed with each login or connect.

Example

To change your SQL*Plus prompt to display your connection identifier, enter:

SET SQLPROMPT "_CONNECT_IDENTIFIER > "

To set the SQL*Plus command prompt to show the current user, enter

SET SQLPROMPT "_USER > "

To change your SQL*Plus prompt to display your the current date, the current user and the users privilege level, enter:

SET SQLPROMPT "_DATE _USER _PRIVILEGE> "

To change your SQL*Plus prompt to display a variable you have defined, enter:

DEFINE mycon = Prod1
SET SQLPROMPT "mycon> "

Prod1> 

Text in nested quotes is not parsed for substitution. To have a SQL*Plus prompt of your username, followed by "@", and then your connection identifier, enter:

SET SQLPROMPT "_USER'@'_CONNECT_IDENTIFIER > "

Syntax

SET SQLT[ERMINATOR] {; | c | ON | OFF}

Sets the character used to end script or data entry for PL/SQL blocks or SQL statements, to execute the script, and to load it into the buffer.

It cannot be an alphanumeric character or a whitespace. OFF means that SQL*Plus recognizes no command terminator; you terminate a SQL command by entering an empty line or a slash (/). If SQLBLANKLINES is set ON, you must use the BLOCKTERMINATOR to terminate a SQL command. ON resets the terminator to the default semicolon (;).

Syntax

SET STATEMENTC[ACHE] {0 | n}

Sets the statement cache size. The cache value allows caching of repeated statements. Therefore these statements do not need to be parsed again, resulting in performance improvement.

Example

To set the statement cache size to 15, enter

SET STATEMENTCACHE 15

If you do not specify a value for n, the default is 0. This means that statement caching is off.

The statement cache size can be any value between 0 and 32767.

Syntax

SET SUF[FIX] {SQL | text}

Sets the default file extension that SQL*Plus uses in commands that refer to scripts. SUFFIX does not control extensions for spool files.

Example

To change the default command-file extension from the default, .SQL to .TXT, enter

SET SUFFIX TXT

If you then enter

GET EXAMPLE

SQL*Plus will look for a file named EXAMPLE.TXT instead of EXAMPLE.SQL.

Syntax

SET TAB {ON | OFF}

Determines how SQL*Plus formats white space in terminal output. OFF uses spaces to format white space in the output. ON uses the TAB character. TAB settings are every eight characters. The default value for TAB is system dependent.

Syntax

SET TERM[OUT] {ON | OFF}

Controls the display of output generated by commands in a script that is executed with @, @@ or START. OFF suppresses the display so that you can spool output to a file without displaying the output on screen. ON displays the output on screen. TERMOUT OFF does not affect output from commands you enter interactively or redirect to SQL*Plus from the operating system.

Syntax

SET TI[ME] {ON | OFF}

Controls the display of the current time. ON displays the current time before each command prompt. OFF suppresses the time display.

Syntax

SET TIMI[NG] {ON | OFF}

Controls the display of timing statistics.

ON displays timing statistics on each SQL command or PL/SQL block run. OFF suppresses timing of each command.

See TIMING for information on timing multiple commands.

Example

The format of timing statistics is dependent on the operating system. In Linux and Windows, the timing statistics are in 24 hour format displaying hours, minutes, seconds and hundredths of seconds

SET SUFFIX TXT

If you enter

GET EXAMPLE

SQL*Plus displays output like

GET EXAMPLE

Syntax

SET TRIM[OUT] {ON | OFF}

Determines whether SQL*Plus puts trailing blanks at the end of each displayed line. ON removes blanks at the end of each line, improving performance especially when you access SQL*Plus from a slow communications device. OFF enables SQL*Plus to display trailing blanks. TRIMOUT ON does not affect spooled output.

Syntax

SET TRIMS[POOL] {ON | OFF}

Determines whether SQL*Plus puts trailing blanks at the end of each spooled line. ON removes blanks at the end of each line. OFF enables SQL*Plus to include trailing blanks. TRIMSPOOL ON does not affect terminal output.

Syntax

SET UND[ERLINE] {- | c | ON | OFF}

Sets the character used to underline column headings in reports. The underline character cannot be an alphanumeric character or a white space. ON or OFF turns underlining on or off. ON changes the value of c back to the default "-".

Syntax

SET VER[IFY] {ON | OFF}

Controls whether to list the text of a SQL statement or PL/SQL command before and after replacing substitution variables with values. ON lists the text; OFF suppresses the listing.

Syntax

SET WRA[P] {ON | OFF}

Controls whether to truncate the display of a selected row if it is too long for the current line width. OFF truncates the selected row; ON enables the selected row to wrap to the next line.

Use the WRAPPED and TRUNCATED clauses of the COLUMN command to override the setting of WRAP for specific columns.

Syntax

SET XMLOPT[IMIZATIONCHECK] [ON|OFF]

Controls whether only XML queries and DML operations that are fully optimized are executed. ON prevents the execution of any XML query or DML operation that cannot be fully optimized and writes the reason in the trace file. OFF does not prevent the execution of such queries and operations. OFF is the default.

SET XMLOPT[IMIZATIONCHECK] ON is only to assist during development and debugging an XML query or DML operation.

Syntax

SET XQUERY BASEURI {text}

Specifies the base URI used to resolve relative URIs in functions. It enables the prefix of the file accessed by an XQuery to be changed.

To unset the BASEURI, set an empty string, for example:

SET XQUERY BASEURI ''

Take care to enter valid values as values are checked only when an XQUERY command is issued.

Example

SET XQUERY BASEURI '/public/scott'
XQUERY for $i in doc("foo.xml") return $i
/

This is equivalent to:

XQuery declare base-uri "/public/hr"; 
for $i in doc("foo.xml") return $i

Syntax

SET XQUERY ORDERING {UNORDERED | ORDERED | DEFAULT}

Sets the ordering of output from an XQuery. There are three values:

UNORDERED specifies that results are sorted in the order they are retrieved from the database.

ORDERED specifies that results are sorted as defined by the XQuery.

DEFAULT specifies the database default. In Oracle Database 10g the default is UNORDERED.

When SET XQUERY ORDERING is not set, the default is DEFAULT (UNORDERED).

Example

SET XQUERY ORDERING ORDERED
XQUERY for $i in doc("foo.xml") return $i
/

This is equivalent to:

XQuery declare ordering ordered; 
for $i in doc("foo.xml") return $i
/

Syntax

SET XQUERY NODE {BYVALUE | BYREFERENCE | DEFAULT}

Sets the node identity preservation mode. The preservation mode applies to all expressions that either create a new node (such as element constructors) or return an item or sequence containing nodes (such as path expressions). There are three values:

BYVALUE specifies that the node identity need not be preserved. This means that any node operation such as creation, or that is returned as a result of an expression is deep copied and loses its context from the original tree. Subsequent operations on this node that test for node identity, parent or sibling axes or ordering will be undefined.

BYREFERENCE specifies that node identities are to be preserved. Subsequent operations on this node preserve the node's context and definition.

DEFAULT specifies the database default. In Oracle Database 10g the default is BYVALUE.

When SET XQUERY NODE is not set, the default is DEFAULT (BYVALUE).

Example

SET XQUERY NODE BYREFERENCE
XQUERY for $i in doc("foo.xml") return $i
/

This is equivalent to:

XQuery declare node byreference; 
for $i in doc("foo.xml") return $i
/

Syntax

SET XQUERY CONTEXT {text}

Specifies an XQuery context item expression. A context item expression evaluates to the context item, which may be either a node (as in the expression fn:doc("bib.xml")//book[fn:count(./author)>1]), or an atomic value (as in the expression (1 to 100)[. mod 5 eq 0]).

To unset the XQUERY CONTEXT, set an empty string, for example:

SET XQUERY CONTEXT ''

Take care to enter valid values as values are checked only when an XQUERY command is issued.

Example

SET XQUERY CONTEXT 'doc("foo.xml")'
XQUERY for $i in /a return $i
/

This is equivalent to:

XQuery for $i in /a return $i 
passing XMLQuery("doc('foo.xml')")
/